Effect of Prosopis ruscifolia on incretin and insulin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats / Efecto de Prosopis ruscifolia sobre la secreción de incretina e insulina de ratas hiperglicémicas por aloxano

Background: Diabetes mellitus treatment is based on oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Medicinal plants constitute an option, and the leaves of Prosopis ruscifolia (Pr) were shown to be effective in reducing glycemia in hyperglycemic animals. Objective: In this paper, we report the effect of P. rusciofolia (Pr) on insulin and incretin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Methodology: The effective dose was selected, and four groups (n=10) of Wistar rats were used. Two groups with normal glycemia received water or Pr (75 mg/Kg, per os, p.o.), and two groups with hyperglycemia induced by alloxan (intraperitoneal, ip), received water or Pr (75 mg/Kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test, and incretin and insulin levels were measured at the end of the experimental period. Results: The results showed that extract promotes better tolerance to oral glucose overload, in addition to a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in blood levels of incretin and insulin, compared to the hyperglycemic rats. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of P. ruscifolialeaves has a hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic animals by a mechanism that involves the incretin-insulin system

Antecedentes: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica cuyo tratamiento se basa en el uso de agentes hipoglicemiantes orales o insulina. Una opción al tratamiento son las plantas medicinales y en ese sentido, estudios previos en animales con hojas de Prosopis ruscifolia (Pr) han demostrado efecto hipoglicemiante. Objetivo: en este trabajo se reporta el efecto de P. rusciofolia (Pr) en la secreción de insulina e incretina, en ratas hiperglicémicas por aloxano. Metodología: se emplearon cuatro grupos de ratas Wistar (n=10). Dos grupos con glicemia normal que fueron tratadas con agua Pr (75 mg/Kg, per os, p.o.) y dos grupos con hiperglicemia inducida por la inyección intraperitoneal de aloxano recibieron agua Pr (75 mg/Kg, per os, p.o.) durante dos semanas. Se midieron la tolerancia oral a la glucosa, y los niveles de incretina e insulina al final del periodo de experimentación. Resultados: se encontró que el extracto promueve una mayor tolerancia a la sobrecarga de glucosa, y además un incremento significativo (p<0.001) de los niveles de incretina e insulina en sangre, comparados al grupo de ratas hiperglicémicas. Conclusión: se concluye que e l estracto etanólico de las hojas de P. ruscifolia tienen efecto hipoglicemiante en animales hiperglicémicos por un mecanismo que incluye al sistema incretina-insulina

Epidemiological aspects of natural poisoning by Prosopis juliflora in ruminants in semiarid areas of the state of Bahia, Brazil, invaded by the plant / Aspectos epidemiológicos da intoxicação natural por Prosopis juliflora em ruminantes em áreas do semiárido baiano invadidas pela planta

Poisoning by Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) leads to neurological signs, cachexia and death, mainly in cattle and goats. Although the uncontrolled spread of mesquite in the Caatinga biome (biological invasion), which alters the epidemiological conditions of intoxication by this plant, has been proved for approximately 20 years, strategies for its control and prophylaxis still remain out of date. These new epidemiological conditions have allowed the uncontrolled consumption of large amounts of in natura mesquite pods by ruminants for long periods in invaded pastures, thus resulting in increased history of poisoning. This study aimed to describe the new epidemiological aspects of P. juliflora poisoning in cattle and goats, 78 years after the introduction of this plant in the country, with emphasis on its degree of invasion, and to update the control and prophylaxis measures of this intoxication and the mapping of areas of outbreak occurrence in the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Seven outbreaks of natural mesquite poisoning, two in goats (OB 1 and OB 2) and five in cattle (OB 3, OB 4, OB 5, OB 6, and OB 7), were studied in loco in the municipalities of Juazeiro, Iaçu, Tucano, Santa Teresinha, Barra do Mendes, Barra and Tabocas do Brejo Velho. In the studied outbreaks, clinical-epidemiological (OB 1 to OB 7) and histopathological (OB 1, OB 2, OB 3, and OB 5) findings were compatible with mesquite poisoning, and this was the first anatomopathological proof of poisoning by this plant in this state. In addition, in the state of Bahia, disease occurs in an area approximately three times larger than previously known. On the farms investigated, mesquite introduction occurred between 1980 and 2005, through the single planting of an average of 33 seedlings. Since then, propagation of this plant has occurred progressively, with gradual invasion of native pastures, which enabled the evaluation of plant spread (biological invasion) on these farms 15 (OB 2), 25 (OB 7), 30 (OB 5 and OB 6), 35 (OB 3) and 40 (OB 1 and OB 4) years after its introduction. Historical information on the introduction and spread of mesquite in the state of Bahia had never been analyzed. In 2020, a degree of mesquite invasion an average 59.57% was verified in the pastures of the seven farms where the outbreaks occurred. The great biological invasion capacity of this plant drew attention, especially in OB 5. The high degree of mesquite invasion observed (new epidemiological conditions) justifies the increased number of cases of poisoning observed in this study. Processing of P. juliflora pods (grinding) was not carried out on any farm (OB 1 to OB 7), and ruminants uncontrollably consumed large amounts of pods in natura for long periods in invaded pastures, which allowed massive dispersal of seeds through feces over decades. The main factors responsible for the gradual invasion of pastures by mesquite over time were absence of crop management plans (silvicultural treatments) and lack of knowledge by producers on disease etiology. Given the new epidemiological conditions, restriction of animal access to in natura pods in pastures and supply of mesquite bran are crucial for the control and prophylaxis of this poisoning, as consumption of in natura pods had a strong correlation with the high degree of invasion in the pastures where the seven outbreaks occurred. Additionally, although the commercialization of pods and exploitation of wood of mesquite trees can provide livestock farmers with extra income - being the correct management for areas invaded by this plant, such practice is either not yet known or not carried out technically or satisfactorily by farmers. In addition to being a threat to the Caatinga's biodiversity, the increasing invasion of semiarid areas by mesquite 78 years after its introduction in the Northeast region of Brazil, is a risk for herds, since the occurrence of poisoning outbreaks may become more frequent. Therefore, it is highly advisable that effective measures be adopted to control P. juliflora propagation.(AU)

A intoxicação por Prosopis juliflora (algaroba) cursa com sinais neurológicos, caquexia e morte, principalmente em bovinos e caprinos. Embora a disseminação descontrolada da algaroba na Caatinga (invasão biológica) tenha sido comprovada há cerca de 20 anos, o que altera as condições epidemiológicas dessa intoxicação, as estratégias de controle e profilaxia permanecem desatualizadas. Essas novas condições epidemiológicas permitem o consumo descontrolado de grande quantidade de vagens in natura de algaroba, por longos períodos, nas pastagens invadidas, o que tem resultado em aumento dos históricos de intoxicação. Objetivou-se com esse estudo descrever os novos aspectos epidemiológicos da intoxicação por P. juliflora em bovinos e caprinos, 78 anos após a introdução da planta no país, com ênfase no grau de invasão da planta, bem como atualizar as medidas de controle e profilaxia dessa intoxicação e das áreas de ocorrência dos surtos no semiárido baiano. Foram estudados in loco sete surtos (S1 a S7) de intoxicação natural por algaroba, sendo dois em caprinos (S1 e S2) e cinco em bovinos (S3, S4, S5, S6 e S7) no semiárido baiano (Juazeiro, Iaçu, Tucano, Santa Teresinha, Barra do Mendes, Barra e Tabocas do Brejo Velho). Nos surtos estudados, os achados clínico-epidemiológicos (S1 a S7) e histopatológicos (S1, S2, S3 e S5) foram compatíveis com intoxicação por algaroba, sendo essa intoxicação comprovada, pela primeira vez, com exames anatomopatológicos na Bahia. Ademais, na Bahia a doença ocorre em uma área cerca de três vezes maior do que a, até então, conhecida. Nas fazendas estudadas a introdução da algaroba ocorreu entre 1980 e 2005, através do plantio único de, em média, 33 mudas. Desde então, a disseminação da planta ocorreu de forma progressiva, invadindo gradativamente as pastagens nativas, o que permitiu avaliar a disseminação da planta (invasão biológica) nessas fazendas cerca de 15 (S2), 25 (S7), 30 (S5 e S6), 35 (S3) e 40 (S1 e S4) anos, após sua introdução. Informações históricas acerca da introdução da algaroba e sua disseminação na Bahia nunca haviam sido estudadas. Em 2020, verificou-se que nas pastagens das sete fazendas onde os surtos ocorreram, o grau de invasão por algaroba alcançou, em média, 59,57%. Chamou a atenção a grande capacidade de invasão biológica da planta, sobretudo, no S5. O alto grau de invasão da algaroba observado (novas condições epidemiológicas) justificou o aumento dos casos de intoxicação verificados nesse estudo. O beneficiamento das vagens (moagem) não era realizado em nenhuma fazenda (S1 a S7) e os ruminantes consumiam de forma descontrolada (livre) grande quantidade de vagens in natura, por longos períodos, nas pastagens invadidas, o que possibilitou a dispersão massiva das sementes da planta pelas fezes ao longo das décadas. O que aliado à inexistência de um plano de manejo do cultivo (tratamentos silviculturais) e ao desconhecimento da etiologia da doença pelos produtores foram os principais fatores responsáveis pela invasão gradativa da planta nas pastagens, ao longo dos anos, o que justifica o aumento dos casos de intoxicação observados na Bahia. Frente às novas condições epidemiológicas, a restrição do acesso dos animais as vagens in natura nas pastagens e o fornecimento do farelo de algaroba são cruciais para o controle e profilaxia dessa intoxicação, pois o consumo das vagens in natura teve forte correlação com o alto grau de invasão das pastagens onde os sete surtos ocorreram. Adicionalmente, embora a comercialização das vagens e a exploração da madeira da algaroba possam proporcionar renda extra aos pecuaristas e serem boas formas de manejo de áreas invadidas por algaroba, tais práticas ainda não são conhecidas ou não são realizadas de forma técnica ou a contento. A crescente invasão da algaroba no semiárido, 78 anos após a sua introdução no Nordeste, além de ser uma ameaça à biodiversidade da Caatinga é um risco para os rebanhos, visto que, a ocorrência de surtos de intoxicação podem se tornar mais frequentes. Desta maneira alerta-se para adoção de medidas efetivas de controle da propagação descontrolada da algaroba.(AU)

Compuestos bioactivos, actividad antioxidante y perfil de ácidos grasos en aceite de semilla de Mezquite (Prosopis spp) / Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Profile of Fatty Acids in Mesquite Seed Oil (Prosopis spp)

La medicina tradicional y estudios realizados a diferentes especies del género Prosopis, del desierto sonorense, indican que es una fuente para la cualificación de compuestos bioactivos, con poder antioxidante y ácidos grasos (linoleico y linolénico) de la semilla. La actividad biológica, es atribuible a alcaloides, flavonoides, terpenos y compuestos fenólicos, para lo cual, se realizó el perfil fitoquímico en los extractos acuoso, etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico (mediante técnicas colorimétricas), actividad antioxidante (método: 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), fenoles totales (utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteau) y perfil de ácidos grasos (cromatografía de gases) de la semilla de Prosopis spp. La extracción del aceite se realizó mediante Soxhlet. Se encontraron saponinas en todos los extractos, mientras que, en el etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico, terpenos y esteroles. En el extracto etanólico se encontraron quinonas y en el acuoso aminoácidos libres. El valor más alto de la actividad antioxidante de EC50 fue de 3.272,41 ± 5,97, para el extracto etanólico, indicando su potencial como antioxidante. El contenido de fenoles totales, fue hexano> etanol > cloroformo> acuoso (81,95; 119,83; 125,18 y 127,57 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/g de extracto seco). Los ácidos grasos en mayor proporción fueron los insaturados con 71,41 % (ácido linoleico: 42,68 %; oleico: 28.73 %) y ácidos grasos saturados: ácido palmítico (13.42 %) y estérico (4,73 %). Se concluye que este tipo de extractos presentan metabolitos importantes para la dieta, presentan actividad antioxidante y ácidos grasos esenciales para el organismo(AU)

Traditional medicine and studies with different species of the Prosopis genus, from the Sonoran Desert, is a source for the qualification of bioactive compounds, with antioxidant power and fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) of the seed. The biological activity is attributable to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, for which, the phytochemical profile was performed in the aqueous, ethanolic, hexane and chloroform extracts (using colorimetric techniques), antioxidant activity (method: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), total phenols (using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent) and fatty acid profile (gas chromatography). The oil was extracted using Soxhlet. Saponins were found in all extracts, while, in ethanolic, hexanic and chloroform, terpenes and sterols. In the ethanolic extract quinones were found and in the aqueous free amino acids. The highest value of the antioxidant activity of EC50 was 3,272.41 ± 5.97, for the ethanolic extract, indicating its potential as an antioxidant. The total phenolic content was hexane> ethanol> chloroform> aqueous (81.95, 119.83, 125.18 and 127.57 mg equivalent of gallic acid / g of dry extract). The fatty acids in greater proportion were unsaturated with 71.41 % (linoleic acid: 42.68 %; oleic: 28.73 %) and saturated fatty acids: palmitic acid (13.42 %) and stearic (4.73 %). It is concluded that this type of extracts have important metabolites for the diet, have antioxidant activity and essential fatty acids for the body(AU)

Anti-tick effect and cholinesterase inhibition caused by Prosopis juliflora alkaloids: in vitro and in silico studies / Efeito carrapaticida e inibição da acetilcolinesterase por alcaloides de Prosopis juliflora: estudos in vitro e in silico

Abstract We investigated the in vitro acaricide activity of the methanolic extract (ME) and alkaloid-rich fraction (AF) of Prosopis juliflora on Rhipicephalus microplus and correlated this effect with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The acaricide activity was evaluated using adult and larval immersion tests. Also, we studied the possible interaction mechanism of the major alkaloids present in this fraction via molecular docking at the active site of R. microplus AChE1 (RmAChE1). Higher reproductive inhibitory activity of the AF was recorded, with effective concentration (EC50) four times lower than that of the ME (31.6 versus 121 mg/mL). The AF caused mortality of tick larvae, with lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of 13.8 mg/mL. Both ME and AF were seen to have anticholinesterase activity on AChE of R. microplus larvae, while AF was more active with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.041 mg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analyses on the AF led to identification of three alkaloids: prosopine (1), juliprosinine (2) and juliprosopine (3). The molecular docking studies revealed that these alkaloids had interactions at the active site of the RmAChE1, mainly relating to hydrogen bonds and cation-pi interactions. We concluded that the alkaloids of P. juliflora showed acaricide activity on R. microplus and acted through an anticholinesterase mechanism.

Resumo A atividade carrapaticida in vitro do extrato metanólico (EM) e da fração de alcaloides (FA) de Prosopis juliflora foi investigada, frente ao Rhipicephalus microplus, e relacionada com a inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). A predição in silico das interações de alcaloides dessa fração com a AChE1 de R. microplus (RmAChE1) foi realizada por acoplamento molecular. A atividade carrapaticida foi avaliada, utilizando-se os ensaios de imersão de adultos e larvas. Maior efeito sobre parâmetros reprodutivos de teleóginas foi verificado para a FA, com valor de Concentração Efetiva 50% (CE50) (31.6 mg/mL), quatro vezes menor do que o valor do EM (121 mg/mL). A FA induziu mortalidade de larvas (Concentração Letal de 50% - CL50 = 13,8 mg/mL). A inibição da atividade da AChE de larvas do carrapato foi observada para EM e FA, sendo a FA mais ativa (Concentração Inibitória 50%- CI50 de 0,041mg/mL). As análises químicas da FA permitiram a identificação dos alcaloides prosopina (1), juliprosinina (2) e juliprosopina (3). No ensaio in silico, observou-se que esses alcaloides podem interagir com o sítio ativo da RmAChE1, principalmente por ligações de hidrogênio e interações cátion-pi. Os alcaloides de P. juliflora têm atividade carrapaticida contra R. microplus, atuando através do mecanismo anticolinesterásico.

Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract from Prosopis Farcta Leaves on Liver Injury Caused by High-fat Diet in Rats / Efecto del extracto hidro-alcohólico de las hojas de Prosopis Farcta en la lesión hepática causada en ratas por una dieta rica en grasas

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Prosopis farcta (P farcta) leaves on high fat diet-fed (HFDF) rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups - group 1: normal control group; group 2: untreated control group, fed a high-fat diet; group 3: hyperlipidaemic + P farcta (500 mg/kg orally per day); and group 4: hyperlipidaemic + simvastatin (1.0 mg/kg). All groups were treated for 30 days. Liver enzymes, levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and liver histopathology were assessed. Results: Prosopis farcta extract reduced the elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and body weight. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were reduced in the HFDF animals, whose levels were increased statistically significantly by extract of P farcta leaves. The statistically significant increases in liver malondialdehyde in HFDF rats were reduced after treatment with P farcta. Histopathological findings also revealed positive effects of the extract. Conclusion: These results indicate the lipid-lowering and antioxidative activity of extract of P farcta leaves.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los efectos hepatoprotectores y antioxidantes del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Prosopis farcta (P farcta) en ratas alimentadas con dieta rica en grasas (ADRG). Métodos: En este estudio experimental, 40 ratas macho Wistar se dividieron en cuatro grupos - Grupo 1: Grupo de control normal; Grupo 2: Grupo de control no tratado, alimentado con una dieta alta en grasas; Grupo 3: hiperlipidémico + P farcta (500 mg/kg por vía oral por día); y Grupo 4: hiperlipidémico + simvastatina (1.0 mg/kg). Todos los grupos fueron tratados durante 30 días. Se evaluaron las enzimas hepáticas, los niveles de colesterol total, los triglicéridos, la lipoproteína de baja densidad (LBD), la lipoproteína de alta densidad (LAD), el nitrógeno ureico y la creatinina en sangre, la actividad enzimática antioxidante, la peroxidación lipídica, y la histopatología hepática. Resultados: El extracto de Prosopis farcta redujo los niveles elevados de colesterol total, los triglicéridos, la LBD, y el peso corporal. La actividad de la catalasa y el superóxido dismutasa se redujo en los animales ADRG, cuyos niveles se incrementaron estadísticamente en grado significativo mediante el extracto de hoja de P farcta. Los aumentos estadísticamente significativos en el malondialdehído hepático en ratas ADRG, disminuyeron después del tratamiento con P farcta. Los hallazgos histopatológicos también revelaron efectos positivos del extracto. Conclusión: Estos resultados indican la actividad de reducción de lípidos y la actividad anti-oxidantes del extracto de las hojas de P farcta.

Efecto del origen geográfico en la calidad morfológica de plantas de Prosopis alba (Fabaceae) / Effect of geographic origin on morphological qualities of the plant Prosopis alba (Fabaceae)

Resumen El origen geográfico de la semilla ejerce un control genético sobre los caracteres de comportamiento de las plantas por lo cual su selección es una herramienta útil para lograr la máxima adaptación de la especie al medio. En este sentido, la caracterización de materiales de diferentes procedencias brinda información para la elección de las fuentes de semilla utilizables en programas de mejora, así como en proyectos de forestación y/o repoblación. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer el efecto de la procedencia sobre las variables morfológicas que constituyen parámetros de calidad en plantines de Prosopis alba provenientes de tres áreas geográficas. Se midieron variables morfológicas de las plantas hasta los 150 días posteriores a la siembra. El efecto de la procedencia resultó significativo para la mayoría de las variables medidas: altura de las plantas y diámetro a la altura del cuello (al menos durante los primeros 3 meses de viverización), volumen de raíz, peso foliar específico y área foliar específica. Así mismo algunos de los índices y cocientes morfológicos considerados como variables para determinar la calidad de plantas resultan afectados por el origen geográfico del material: relación longitud parte aérea/parte radical, coeficiente de esbeltez e índice de esbeltez. Los resultados permiten afirmar que en P. alba la procedencia influye sobre la morfología de las plantas y determina la existencia de dos grupos diferentes: por un lado, las procedencias santiagueña y chaqueña y, por otro, la procedencia Salta Norte.

Abstract Seed provenance has a genetic control over the behavioral characteristics of plants, whereby selection is an useful tool to achieve the maximum adaptation of the species to the environment. In this sense, different provenance materials characterization provides information for choosing seed sources used in breeding programs, as well as afforestation and/or reforestation projects. The aim of this work was established provenance´s effect on morphological variables that constitute quality parameters in Prosopis alba seedlings from three geographic areas. Morphological plants´ variables were measured up to 150 days after planting. Provenance effect was significant for most of measured variables: plant´s height, neck diameter (at least during the first 3 months of nursery), root volume, specific leaf weight and specific leaf area. Likewise, some of the morphological indices and quotients considered variables to determine plants´ quality are affected by material´s geographical origin: shoot length/ root length proportion, slenderness coefficient and index. Results allow affirming P. alba´s provenance influences plants´ morphology determining the existence of two different groups: on one hand Santiago del Estero and Chaco provenances, and on the other, Salta Norte origin. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 593-604. Epub 2018 June 01.

Isolation and identification of allergens and biogenic amines of Prosopis juliflora genotypes

Background: Prosopis, or mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.), was introduced in Saudi Arabia several decades ago and is heavily used in street, roadside, and park plantations. It shows great adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions such as high temperature, severe drought, and salinity and spreads naturally in many parts of the Kingdom. This research was conducted to isolate allergen proteins and biogenic amines from the pollen grains of P. juliflora genotypes in Saudi Arabia from two regions, namely Al-Qassim and Eastern regions. Results: The results showed that 18 different allergen proteins were detected in P. juliflora genotypes, with molecular weight ranging from 14 to 97 kDa. Moreover, P. juliflora genotypes from the two studied regions contained eight biogenic amines, namely histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, ß-phenylethylamine, butricine, codapherine, spermidine, and spermine. All genotypes from the Al-Qassim region were found to contain all eight amines, while in the Eastern region, histamine was absent in three genotypes, spermine was absent in six genotypes, and spermidine was absent in three genotypes. Genotypes B23, E20, and E21 had the lowest biogenic amine quantity. Conclusions: All identified proteins from mesquite trees from both regions (Eastern and Al-Qassim) cause allergies in patients who are sensitive to pollen grains. Bioamines, except histamine and tyramine, were recorded at varying concentrations in different genotypes.

Metabolizabilidade da energia de farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes para frangos de corte / Energy metabolizability of mixed flour containing fish silage for broiler chicken

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o valor nutricional e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de quatro farinhas mistas contendo silagem de resíduo de filetagem de tilápia para frangos de corte do tipo crescimento lento com 28 a 38 dias de idade. Analisou-se a composição físico-química das silagens e, em seguida, realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo pelo método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos machos da linhagem Vermelho Pesadão Francês, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração referência (RR) e quatro dietas teste compostas de 70% da (RR), com a inclusão de 30% de farinha mista contendo silagem de peixes produzida com o farelo de algaroba (SFA), com a farinha de varredura de mandioca (SFVM), com o farelo de milho (SFM) e com a casca da mandioca (SCM). Os valores para composição físico-química das SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM foram de 20,63, 20,76, 21,99 e 14,54% de proteína bruta; 17,04, 23,22, 21,97 e 20,27% de extrato etéreo; 7,53, 7,79, 8,65 e 8,83% de matéria mineral; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81 e 12,34% de fibra bruta; 1,79, 2,30, 1,57 e 2,72% de cálcio; 1,12, 1,72, 1,45 e 1,94% de fósforo; 532, 528, 598 e 508 densidade, g/L; 4,5, 4,0, 4,4 e 4,4 de pH. Quanto aos valores de EMA e EMAn das farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes em base de matéria seca, foram, respectivamente, 3560kcal/kg e 3402kcal/kg para a SFA, 3574kcal/kg e 3415kcal/kg para a SFVM, 3570kcal/kg e 3412kcal/kg para a SFVM e 3571kcal/kg e 3413kcal/kg para a SCM, com a SFA apresentando menor valor (P=0,01). Com base nos resultados, as silagens contendo restos de peixe podem ser utilizadas em dietas para frangos de corte.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value and the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of four mixed meals containing fish silage for slow growth type broiler chickens at 28-38 days of age. The physicochemical composition of the silage was analyzed and then a metabolism trial was performed using total excreta collection method with 180 male chicks of Red French Pesadão lineage distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of six birds per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (RR) and four test diets containing 70% (RR), with the inclusion of 30% of mixed flour containing fish silage produced with mesquite meal (SFA) with flour of cassava meal (SFVM), with corn meal (SFM), and dehydrated cassava peel (SCM). The values for physico-chemical composition of the SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM, were 20,63, 20.76, 21.99, and 14.54% of crude protein; 17.04, 23.22, 21.97 and 20.27% of ethereal extract; 7.53, 7.79, 8.65, and 8.83% of mineral matter; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81, and 12,34% of crude fiber; 1.79, 2.30, 1.57, and 2.72% of calcium; 1.12, 1.72, 1.45, and 1.94% of phosphorus; 532, 528, 598, and 508 of density, g / L; 4.5, 4.0, 4.4, and 4.4 of pH. As for AME and AMEn of the flours containing fish silage on dry matter basis, values were of, respectively, 3560 kcal/kg and 3402 kcal/kg for the SFA, 3574 kcal/kg and 3415 kcal/kg for SFVM, 3570 kcal/kg and 3412 kcal/kg for SFVM, and 3571 kcal/kg and 3413 kcal/kg for SCM, with the SFA showing lowest value. Based on the results, silage containing fish waste can be used in diets for broilers.(AU)

Autophagy protects against neural cell death induced by piperidine alkaloids present in Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite)

ABSTRACT Prosopis juliflora is a shrub that has been used to feed animals and humans. However, a synergistic action of piperidine alkaloids has been suggested to be responsible for neurotoxic damage observed in animals. We investigated the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) and autophagy on the mechanism of cell death induced by a total extract (TAE) of alkaloids and fraction (F32) from P. juliflora leaves composed majoritary of juliprosopine in a model of neuron/glial cell co-culture. We saw that TAE (30 µg/mL) and F32 (7.5 µg/mL) induced reduction in ATP levels and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential at 12 h exposure. Moreover, TAE and F32 induced caspase-9 activation, nuclear condensation and neuronal death at 16 h exposure. After 4 h, they induced autophagy characterized by decreases of P62 protein level, increase of LC3II expression and increase in number of GFP-LC3 cells. Interestingly, we demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin and vinblastine increased the cell death induced by TAE and autophagy induced by serum deprivation and rapamycin reduced cell death induced by F32 at 24 h. These results indicate that the mechanism neural cell death induced by these alkaloids involves PCD via caspase-9 activation and autophagy, which seems to be an important protective mechanism.

Biomass allocation in Ziziphus spina-christi and the invasive species Prosopis juliflora / Alocação de biomassa em Ziziphus spina-christi e espécies invasoras Prosopis juliflora

Invasion by the exotic species Prosopis juliflora has become a major threat to native plants in Saudi Arabia as the species continues its spread into different regions of the country. Ziziphus spina-christi is a native tree that is common in Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to determine how both species would benefit from the availability of sufficient resources without competition. To gain a better understanding of growth under such conditions, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in which seedlings of both species were grown under favorable conditions for 6 months. During this period, growth performance was evaluated three times at intervals of 30, 90, and 180 days. Growth performance varied between the two species during one or more of the studied periods. Significant differences between the species were observed for root mass fraction, number of root tips, root to shoot ratio, height, stem diameter, stem dry weight, stem mass fraction, leaf area, leaf mass fraction, and chlorophyll a and b contents. The relative growth rate (RGR) and relative height growth rate were higher in P. juliflora at 30­90 days, whereas leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate were higher for Z. spina-christi at 90­180 days. Remarkably, the RGR for diameter in P. juliflora was almost double that in Z. spina-christi at 30­90 days and 90­180 days. The results obtained reflect a strategic difference in the biomass allocation to different plant components by the two species, whereby P. juliflora allocates higher biomass to the stems and Z. spina-christi allocates higher biomass to the roots.

Invasão pela espécie exótica Prosopis juliflora tornou-se uma grande ameaça para plantas nativas na Arábia Saudita à medida que a espécie continua a sua propagação em diferentes regiões do país. A Ziziphus spina-christi é uma árvore nativa que é comum na Arábia Saudita. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar como ambas as espécies se beneficiariam com a disponibilidade de recursos suficientes sem competição. Para se obter uma melhor compreensão do crescimento nestas condições, foi conduzida uma experiência em estufa em que as plântulas de ambas as espécies foram cultivadas em condições favoráveis durante 6 meses. Durante este período, o desempenho de crescimento foi avaliado três vezes em intervalos de 30, 90 e 180 dias. O desempenho do crescimento variou entre as duas espécies durante um ou mais dos períodos estudados. Diferenças significativas entre as espécies foram observadas para a fração de massa da raiz, número de pontas de raiz, razão entre a raiz e a parte aérea, altura, diâmetro do caule, peso seco do caule, fração de massa do caule, área foliar, fração de massa foliar e teor de clorofila a e b. A taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR, relative growth rate) e a taxa relativa de crescimento em altura foram maiores em P. juliflora no período 30-90 dias, enquanto que a razão foliar e a taxa de assimilação líquida foram maiores para Z. spina-christi no período 90-180 dias. Notavelmente, a RGR para o diâmetro em P. juliflora foi quase o dobro da de Z. spina-christi aos 30-90 dias e 90-180 dias. Os resultados obtidos refletem uma diferença estratégica na alocação de biomassa para diferentes componentes das plantas pelas duas espécies, sendo que P. juliflora aloca uma biomassa mais alta para as hastes e Z. spina-christi aloca uma biomassa mais alta para as raízes.

Beetle diversity in fragmented thornscrub and isolated trees / Diversidade de coleópteros em um fragmento do bioma thornscrub e árvores isoladas

Abstract Due to land use change mainly for induced agriculture, Tamaulipan thornscrubin northeast Mexico has been cleared and transformed into small patches of vegetation as small as isolated trees surrounded by agricultural fields. In this study, we explored how tree isolation or growing inside a fragment of remnant vegetation influence diversity of coleopterans in two plant species (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. &Bonpl.exWilld.) M.C. Johnst. (mesquite) and Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Barneby (Texas ebony). We found 72 coleopteran morphospecies; fifteen occurred mainly in remnant fragments and ten mainly in isolated trees. There were more insects under isolated mesquites than under those immersed in remnant fragments, while in Texas ebony the highest beetle density for isolated trees coincided with periods of bean and maize in surrounding agriculture.

Resumo Devido a mudança de uso da terra para induzir principalmente a agricultura, o bioma thornscrub no nordeste México tem sido transformado em fragmentos pequenos como árvores isoladas rodeadas por campos agrícolas. Neste estudo exploramos como o isolamento das árvores influi na diversidade de coleópteros em duas espécies de plantas (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl.ex Willd) M.C. Johnst. (mesquite) e Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Barneby (Texas ebony). Encontramos 72 morfospecies do coleópteros; quinze ocorreram principalmente em fragmentos remanescentes e dez em árvores isoladas. No estudo houve mais insetos nas “mesquite” isoladas do que nos fragmentos remanescentes do bioma thornscrub, enquanto que em “Texas ebony” a densidade alta de coleópteros para árvores isoladas coincidiu com períodos de produção de feijão e milho na agricultura ao redor.

Spontaneous poisoning by Prosopis juliflora (Leguminosae) in sheep / Intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora (Leguminosae) em ovinos

The aim of this paper is to describe the first report of spontaneous poisoning by Prosopis juliflora in sheep. From flock of 500 sheep at risk, four adult male sheep were affected. One died spontaneously and three other were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Neurologic examination focused particularly on motor and sensory-cranial nerve function, complete blood counts, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were done. The evolution of the disease was chronic and to present signs of poisoning, sheep had to ingest a diet containing at least 80% of P. juliflora pods during 21 months. The biochemistry revealed a substantial increase in creatine phosphokinase levels. Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, dropped jaw, tongue protrusion and loss of food from the mouth. Gross and histological lesions were similar to those previously reported in cattle and goats. Sheep are more resistant to poisoning by P. juliflora considering that it took 21 months of pod consumption to show clinical signs. There is no specific treatment for P. juliflora poisoning in ruminants.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o primeiro caso de intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora em ovinos. De um total de 500 ovinos sob risco, quatro ovinos machos adultos foram afetados. Um ovino morreu espontaneamente e os outros foram examinados, eutanasiados e necropsiados. Realizaram-se exames clínicos direcionados particularmente para funções de nervos motores e sensoriais-craniais. Avaliou-se hemograma, perfil bioquímico sérico e urinálise. A evolução da doença foi crônica e para apresentar sinais de intoxicação os ovinos tiveram que ingerir uma dieta contendo 80% das vagens de P. Juliflora durante 21 meses. Os níveis de creatinofosfoquinase estavam significativamente elevados. Os sinais clínicos consistiram em sialorreia, mandíbula pendulosa, protusão da língua e perda de alimento pela boca. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas foram similares àquelas reportadas previamente em bovinos e caprinos. Ovinos são mais resistentes à intoxicação por P. Juliflora, tendo em vista que foi necessário 21 meses de consumo das vagens para que os ovinos apresentassem sinais clínicos. Não há tratamento específico para a intoxicação por P. Juliflora em ruminantes.(AU)

Antifungical Activity of Autochthonous Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Prosopis juliflora against Phytopathogenic Fungi

The ability of Bacillus subtilis, strain ALICA to produce three mycolytic enzymes (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and protease), was carried out by the chemical standard methods. Bacillus subtilis ALICA was screened based on their antifungal activity in dual plate assay and cell-free culture filtrate (25%) against five different phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Macrophomina sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotium rolfesii. The B. subtilis ALICA detected positive for chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease enzymes. Fungal growth inhibition by both strain ALICA and its cell-free culture filtrate ranged from 51.36% to 86.3% and 38.43% to 68.6%, respectively. Moreover, hyphal morphological changes like damage, broken, swelling, distortions abnormal morphology were observed. Genes expression of protease, β-1,3-glucanase, and lipopeptides (subtilosin and subtilisin) were confirmed their presence in the supernatant of strain ALICA. Our findings indicated that strain ALICA provided a broad spectrum of antifungal activities against various phytopathogenic fungi and may be a potential effective alternative to chemical fungicides.

Isolation and identification of phyllospheric bacteria possessing antimicrobial activity from Astragalus obtusifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Xanthium strumarium and Hippocrepis unisiliqousa

Background: The widespread utilization of antimicrobial compounds has caused emergence of resistant microorganisms in the world. Hence, the research to probe the products with antimicrobial features has led to finding natural habitats and discovering new pharmaceutical products

Methods: In this study, an attempt was made to explore the niche of novel habitat to isolate pyllospheric bacteria from the above ground parts [stems and leaves] of Astragalus obtusifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Xanthium strumarium, and Hippocrepis unisiliqousa to evaluate their antimicrobial features. The inhibitory effects of these strains on the growth of two fungi [Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus], two yeasts [Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans] and six bacteria [Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes] were tested

Results: In total, 113 bacterial strains were isolated. Twenty five bacterial strains [B-1 to B-25] indicated promising antimicrobial [antibacterial and antifungal] activities against aforementioned pathogens. The identification of the bacterial strains was ascertained by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and two strains with the strongest antimicrobial activities were further characterized based on 16s rRNA sequencing. These two strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that phyllospheric microorganisms are capable of producing some compounds with antimicrobial properties

Cambios anatómicos en raíces e hipocótilos de plántulas de Prosopis ruscifolia (Fabaceae) sometidas a estrés salino / Anatomical changes in roots and hypocotyls of Prosopis ruscifolia (Fabaceae) seedlings exposed to saline stress

ResumenProsopis ruscifolia es una especie arbórea pionera en áreas inundadas o salinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar cambios anatómicos en raíces e hipocótilos de plántulas de P. ruscifolia sometidas a estrés salino, bajo condiciones controladas. Las semillas se recolectaron en bosques nativos de la Región Chaqueña Occidental de Argentina. Las semillas se sembraron sobre toallas de papel humedecidas con soluciones salinas de 100, 200 y 300 mM de NaCl y un control humedecido con agua destilada. Se sembraron cuatro repeticiones de 50 semillas cada una, correspondientes a cada tratamiento, se ubicaron en cajas plásticas herméticas dentro de cámara de siembra a 27 ºC y con fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Doce días después de la siembra, se extrajeron plántulas para estudios anatómicos. Se estudiaron 35 plántulas correspondientes a cada tratamiento. Se midieron en raíces e hipocótilos las siguientes variables anatómicas: diámetro de la raíz principal e hipocótilo (µm), espesor de la corteza (µm), número de estratos celulares en la corteza, diámetro del cilindro central (µm), diámetro de la médula (µm), número de estratos celulares en el periciclo y diámetro tangencial de los vasos (µm). Se realizó ANOVA con diámetro de la raíz o hipocótilo como variable dependiente y espesor de la corteza, número de estratos celulares en la corteza, diámetro del cilindro central, diámetro de la médula, número de estratos celulares en el periciclo, diámetro tangencial de los vasos y concentración salina como variables independientes. El diámetro de la raíz disminuyó significativamente con el aumento de la concentración salina (P < 0.0001). El espesor de la corteza redujo su espesor a 100 mM (P < 0.0001) e incrementó el número de estratos celulares que la componen (P < 0.0002). El diámetro del cilindro central se redujo a la concentración salina de 100 mM (P < 0.0001) y el diámetro de la médula y el número de estratos celulares del periciclo (P < 0.0003) disminuyó progresivamente hasta 300 mM. El diámetro tangencial de los vasos (P < 0.0001) se redujo recién a 300 mM de NaCl. Estos cambios anatómicos podrían estar relacionados con la alteración de la expansión y división celular causada por la salinidad y comprometer la formación de raíces laterales y el almacenamiento de reservas. Los hipocótilos no mostraron cambios anatómicos significativos en respuesta al incremento en la salinidad, con excepción de la variación en la posición de estomas y un incremento en el espesor de la hipodermis. Estos cambios parecen indicar el estrés hídrico impuesto por el bajo potencial osmótico causado por las sales. Las plántulas de P. ruscifolia experimentaron cambios anatómicos en respuesta a las concentraciones salinas analizadas, en rasgos vinculados al almacenamiento de reservas, a la absorción y la conducción de agua y la formación de raíces laterales.

Abstract:Prosopis ruscifolia is a pioneer tree species in flooding or saline areas. The aim of this work was to assess anatomical changes in roots and hypocotyls of P. ruscifolia seedlings induced to saline stress under controlled conditions. Seeds, collected in natural forests of Western Chaco region in Argentina, were sown on paper towels moisturized with saline solutions of 100, 200 and 300 mM of NaCl, and a control group with distilled water. Four repetitions of 50 seeds per treatment were sown, located in hermetic polystyrene boxes, and included in a seeding chamber, at 27 ºC and 12 hours photoperiod. Were studied 35 seedlings from each saline concentration; these seedlings were processed 12 days after sown to obtain microscopic samples. The anatomical variables measured in roots and hypocotyls were the following: main root diameter (µm), bark thickness (µm), number of cell strata in bark, central cylinder diameter (µm), pith diameter (µm), number of cell strata in the pericycle and the tangential diameter of vessels (µm). ANOVA analysis were performed with hypocotyl and root diameters as the dependent variable, and bark thickness (µm), number of cell strata in the bark, the central cylinder diameter (µm), the pith diameter (µm), number of cell strata in the pericycle, the tangential diameter of vessels and the saline concentration as independent variables. Results showed that the root diameter decreased with increasing saline concentrations (P < 0.0001). The bark thickness decreased at 100 mM (P < 0.0001) and the number of cell strata of bark increased to 300 mM (P < 0.0002). The central cylinder diameter decreased at 100 mM saline concentration (P < 0.0001) and the number of cell strata of the pericycle and the pith diameter reduced progressively until 300 mM. The tangential diameter of vessels decreased at 300 mM. These anatomical changes suggested alterations in the expansion and cell division caused by the salinity, and could limit lateral roots formation and reserves storage. Hypocotyls did not show significant anatomical changes in response to increasing salinity, with exception of stomata position and an increase of the hypodermis thickness. These changes indicated that the water stress imposed by low osmotic potential is caused by increasing saline concentration. The seedlings of P. ruscifolia experienced anatomical changes in response to tested saline concentrations in traits related to reserve storage, the absorption and conduction of water, and lateral roots formation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1007-1017. Epub 2016 September 01.

Obtención de goma de semillas de algarroba (Prosopis alba) y su utilización en formulaciones alimenticias / Obtaining carob seed gum (Prosopis alba), and its use in food formulations

Introducción: Las semillas de algarroba son fuente de gomas. Estas son adicionadas a una variedad de productos como espesante, estabilizante o saborizante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue extraer goma de las semillas de algarrobo, variedad local, y utilizarlos en la formulación de sopa deshidratada y polvo para preparar postre. Materiales y Método: Se trabajó con vainas de Prosopis alba, la goma se obtuvo por Métodos: Químico alcalino (MQ) y Mecánico en Seco (MM). Se formuló sopa de arveja deshidratada y polvo para preparar postre sabor dulce de leche. Se trabajó a 3 concentraciones de goma; para sopa rehidratada lista para consumo a valores de 0,15; 0,20 y 0,30%, que según método utilizado se denominaron MQ0,15; MQ0,20; MQ0,30 y MM0,15; MM0,20; MM0,30; en postre listos para consumo a 0,50; 0,75 y 1,00%, designándose como MQ0,50; MQ0,75; MQ1,00 y MM0,50; MM0,75; MM1,00. En los productos se determinó viscosidad , sinéresis, preferencia y aceptabilidad (Tablas Newell y MacFarlane). Resultados: El rendimiento de las vainas a goma fue de 1,91% (MA) y 6,85% (MM), mientras el aprovechamiento de semillas a goma fue 76,66% y 46,21% para MQ y MM respectivamente. La viscosidad fue mayor en los productos formulados con goma extraída por MQ, siendo de 893,75 cP y 793,75 cP para sopa de arveja MQ0,30 y MM0,30 y de 1966,25 cP y 1519,37 cP para postres MQ0,50 y MM0,50 respectivamente.No se observó sinéresis en los productos. Se prefirió las sopas formuladas con mayor concentración de goma y postres con la menor, los productos tuvieron una aceptabilidad del 89% y 94% respectivamente. Conclusión: Fue factible la obtención de goma por diferentes métodos, lográndose mayor rendimiento de goma y mejor efecto sobre la viscosidad con goma obtenida por MQ.La incorporación de goma en formulaciones alimentarias permitió obtener productos con características sensorialmente aceptables.

Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias ocorrentes em úlceras crônicas aos extratos brutos de Prosopis juliflora / Antimicrobial susceptibilit y of bacteria in chronic ulcers to crude extracts of Prosopis juliflora

Úlceras crônicas são suscetíveis à infecção devido à perda estéril da função de barreira inata da pele e dos anexos cutâneos, facilitando o desenvolvimento de comunidades microbianas. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a suscetibilidade de bactérias associadas a úlceras crônicas aos extratos brutos de Prosopis juliflora. Os testes in vitro foram realizados com extratos brutos das folhas e casca do caule contra as estirpes de Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), por meio de ensaio de difusão em agar com poço e determinação da Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (MIC). Os resultados mostraram que as estirpes de E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus e P. mirabilis foram mais susceptíveis aos extratos brutos da folha, com diâmetro de zona de inibição de 21,0; 33,0; 20,0; 21,0 mm, respectivamente, enquanto, E. coli e S. aureus foram mais susceptíveis aos extratos brutos da casca do caule, com diâmetro da zona de inibição de 21,5 e 20,0 mm, respectivamente. Os melhores valores de CIM foram registrados para EBF de P. juliflora. Estudo químico para a extração e o isolamento de compostos ativos é recomendado para realização de ensaios in vitro para investigar a atividade antimicrobiana destes compostos.

Chronic ulcers are prone to infection due to the sterile lossof the innate barrier of the skin and cutaneous annexes, coupled to the development of microbial communities. Current study investigates the susceptibility of bacteria associated with chronic ulcers to crude extracts of Prosopis juliflora. In vitro tests with the crude extracts of leaves and stem bark were performed against strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), by a diffusion assay in agar and determination of Minimum Inhibiory Concentration (MIC). Results showed that E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and P.mirabilis strains were affected by the crude extracts of the leaves, with a diameter of the inhibition zone measuring respectively 21.0; 33.0; 20.0; 21.0 mm, whereas E. coli and S. aureus were more affected to the crude extracts of the stem bark, with an inhibition zone diameter of 21.5 and 20.0 mm, respectively. Best MIC rates were reported for the crude extracts of P. juliflora leaves. Chemical studies for the extraction and isolation of compounds are recommended for the execution of in vitro assays to investigate the compounds´ antimicrobial activity.

Etnobotanica de las especies del monte ribereño en el rio chira, sullana / Ethnobotany of the riparian forest species in the chira river, sullana

La etnobotánica es el aprovechamiento tradicional de las plantas por la población antrópica local. Con el objetivo de dar a conocer la etnobotánica de las especies del monte ribereño en el rio Chira se realizó el presente estudio, que abarcó desde el centro poblado de Alamor en el distrito de Lancones hasta La Bocana en el distrito de Miramar, durante los meses de agosto del 2014 hasta enero del 2015. Se aplicó 72 encuestas en 12 centros poblados aledaños al monte ribereño, registrando 129 especies de plantas, pertenecientes a 105 géneros y 36 familias. Estas especies fueron contenidas en 11 categorías de utilidad: forrajeras (67), medicinales (64), ornamentales (26), construcción (24), cercos vivos (18), combustible (17), artesanales (12), otras utilidades (11), alimentación (4), herramientas (3) y sahumerios (2). Las familias etnobotánicas más representativas por su número de especies útiles .fueron: Fabaceae (24); Poaceae (20); Arnaranthaceae (7), Asteraceae (7) y Cyperaceae (7). Las especies que presentaron mayor utilidades fueron: Prosopis pallida, Acacia macracantha, Colicodendron scabridum, Cordia tutea y Salix chilensis.

Efeitos teratogênicos de Prosopis juliflora em ratos e análise da toxicidade das vagens / Teratogenic effects of Prosopis juliflora in rats and analysis of the toxicity of the pods

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os possíveis efeitos teratogênicos de Prosopis juliflora, verificar se existe perda da toxicidade entre vagens armazenadas e recém-coletadas e determinar se existe diferença de toxicidade entre as vagens coletadas em diferentes localidades. Trinta ratas prenhes da linhagem Wistar foram separadas, aleatoriamente, em cinco grupos: um controle (G1) e quatro experimentais (G2, G3, G4 e G5). Os animais dos grupos G2 e G3 foram alimentados com ração contendo 70% de vagens de P. juliflora recém-coletadas em dois municípios diferentes. Os grupos G4 e G5 foram alimentados com ração preparada com vagens das mesmas procedências, porém armazenadas por um período de 6 meses. O grupo controle recebeu ração sem vagens de P. juliflora. No grupo controle o número de malformações por ninhada (1,16 ± 0,98) foi significativamente menor do que os dos grupos experimentais (14,00 ± 2,96, 6,16 ± 2,22, 7,66 ± 2,94 e 4,66 ± 1,63 para os grupos G2, G3, G4 e G5, respectivamente) indicando que a planta é teratogênica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na frequência de malformações e no número de fetos nascidos entre os grupos que receberam vagens de diferentes localidades. No entanto, o número de malformações nos grupos que receberam as vagens recém-colhidas (65,80 ± 21,20 a, 67,59 ± 18,10 a), foi significativamente maior que o observado nas ratas que receberam as vagens após o armazenamento (35,74±10,10b, 21,85±5,13c) sugerindo que o efeito teratogênico da planta diminui durante o armazenamento. Conclui-se que as vagens de P. juliflora são teratogênicas para ratas Wistar e que a fetoxicidade das mesmas diminui com o armazenamento.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the possible teratogenic effects of Prosopis juliflora, check if there is a loss in toxicity between pods stored and newly collected and determine whether there are differences in toxicity between the pods collected in different localities. Thirty pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly separated into five groups: a control (G1) and four experimental (G2, G3, G4 and G5), each with six animals. The animals in groups G2 and G3 were fed diets containing 70% of pods of P. juliflora newly collected in two different municipalities. The groups G4 and G5 were fed beans prepared with the same origins, but stored for a period of 6 months. The control group received the same diet without pods of P. juliflora. In the control group the number of defects per litter (1.16 ± 0.98) was significantly lower than the experimental groups (14.00 ± 2.96, 6.16 ± 2.22, 7.66 ± 2.94 and 4.66 ± 1.63 for G2, G3, G4 and G5, respectively) indicating that the plant is teratogenic. No significant differences were observed in the frequency of malformations and number of fetuses born between groups receiving pods from different locations. However, the number of defects in the groups who received the freshly harvested pods was significantly different from the number observed in rats that received the beans after storage, suggesting that the teratogenic effect of the plant decreases during storage. We conclude that the pods of P. juliflora are teratogenic for Wistar rats and that the teratogenicity decreases with storage.(AU)

Effect of litter composition from selected three pruning on growth and development of pepper [Capsicum annum]

The experiment was conducted to study the growth and development of pepper [Capsicum annum] grown on soil enriched with foliages from Leueaena Ieucocepha la, Ginelina arborea, Prosopis mimosa, Tectona grandis, Azadiracta indica and Damiella olverii. Top soil sample used for the experiment was collected from the University of Ilorin premises. Foliage from the selected tree species were collected, air dried and pulverized to a fine texture before mixing with soil. Dry pepper seeds were sown in the different soil mixture. The experiment was laid out as a Complete Randomized Design [CRD] with six treatments replicated thrice. Parameters evaluated include: Mean leaf area, Mean plant height and Mean leaf number. Samples of the air dried soil were taken before and after planting and used to determine total nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter content, potassium and soil pH. Results showed that the soil enriched with pruning from Azadiracta indica had the best performance in terms of the growth of pepper [Capsicum annum] as shown by the leaf area [2443.3 cm[2]], leaf number [55.0] and plant height [30.3cm] at 8 weeks after planting [SWAP], lire chemical composition of the soil also varied significantly among the treatments [P< 0.05] Prosopis mimosa had the best performance in terms of the pH amendment [6.6] and potassium content [2.8%] while Leucaena leucocephala had the best performance in term of nitrogen content [6.7%] and Organic matter content [5.4%]. Lastly, Daniella oliverii had the best performance in term of Phosphorus content [8.0]. In conclusion, pruning from Azcidiracta indica had the best performance in terms of the growth of Pepper